Just how hard is it for Governments to Decentralise?
Written by Peter McKinlay on December 31st, 2010.
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In a move with implications for governments world wide, England's Coalition Government recently delivered its promised Localism Bill with the expressed purpose of shifting power dramatically from Whitehall to England's communities, including granting a power of general competence for local authorities. It follows years of flirtation with concepts of devolution and decentralisation working through community strategies, local strategic plans, local and multi-area agreements and much more.
In its last year of office the previous Labour Government committed itself to the Total Place Initiative intended to give local providers the incentive to work together in new ways for the benefit of their clients and citizens, partly because this looked like a good way of restraining government expenditure and partly because of research evidence suggesting that the top-down design and delivery of social services is far from ideal.
Each time, the rhetoric emphasised empowerment and promised greater decision-making power at local levels. Each time the reality fell short of what had been promised.
The Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government has come up with a different vision, David Cameron's Big Society launched with the commitment that “Today is the start of a deep and serious reform agenda to take power away from politicians and give it to people. That’s because we know instinctively that the state is often too inhuman, monolithic and clumsy to tackle our deepest social problems. We know that the best ideas come from the ground up, not the top down. We know that when you give people and communities more power over their lives, more power to come together and work together to make life better – great things happen.”
The Localism Bill is the first real test of whether governments can really give up their old habits, and genuinely step aside so that communities can move into the space currently dominated by the central bureaucracy. It's an experiment which is important not just for England, but for other developed countries which rely on high spending central governments to lead the design and delivery of the public services that underpin the quality of life in modern societies.
The Coalition Government launched the Bill with a commitment to what it called six actions of decentralisation including lifting the burden of bureaucracy, empowering communities to do things their way and increasing local control of public finance. In its on-the-day briefing on the Bill the Local Government Group noted that "much of the detail and implementation of this Bill will be taken forward through regulations, order making powers, duties, statutory guidance and requirements on local authorities. We have counted at least 142 such powers."
The Bill does little to improve the financial autonomy of local government (there are some useful moves in the housing area). There is no suggestion of additional sources of funding, for example a local income tax, and existing centrally imposed controls over the level of the council tax are replaced by a provision triggering a referendum if a council tax increase is excessive as defined by the Secretary of State.
It all looks very like ‘how do you disengage without disengaging’? Part of the drive is clearly ideological, with Ministers believing that government has intruded far too much into the ordinary lives of its citizens, with the twin results that government expenditure is too high and social and other outcomes too poor to justify continuing to work in this way. Part of it is clearly pragmatic: a response to the clear need to reduce government expenditure based on the view that handing back or sharing responsibility with communities is a better way of getting the outcomes government wishes to promote.
And there is some genuine creativity in some of the initiatives being promoted - for example the community's right to buy certain local government assets, and a community right to challenge that will allow voluntary and community bodies, employees of a relevant authority and parish councils to bid to a local authority to run a service where they feel that it could be run better. This fits with the Government's Pathfinder Initiative [link for pathfinder initiative is http://blogs.defra.gov.uk/3rd-sector/2010/08/francis-maude-launches-pathfinder-mutuals/ ] announced in August for a number of pilot projects in the establishment of employee or community cooperatives to deliver services.
It's an experiment which should be watched closely by other jurisdictions. England is not the only country which recognises that it needs to pull back on the cost of major social services whilst at the same time improving outcomes. It is also not the only country where the best intentions of central governments to get out of the lives of their citizens seem always frustrated by the difficulties inherent in making major changes in bureaucratic processes and the understandable reluctance of the centre to give up power because of a concern that communities and their representatives may lack the skills and capabilities needed to replace the centre's role.
Both New Zealand and Australia, as examples, have had a long attachment to the belief that major social services are best designed centrally and delivered through centrally controlled agencies. The growing evidence that we need to move from top down to collaboration may not yet have reached the critical mass needed to overcome the reluctance inherent in even the best intentioned bureaucracies.
Much rides on this experiment. It is difficult to see how governments in the Westminster tradition will have any hope of balancing public demands for service (especially from ageing populations), and bringing public expenditure under control, unless they are able to engage effectively and work with local government and its communities. It's in all our interests that the localism experiment results in a very real shift in the balance between centre and local, including shifting the balance of power over how resources are allocated at the local level. Localism without funding autonomy could turn out to a vehicle without fuel!
In its last year of office the previous Labour Government committed itself to the Total Place Initiative intended to give local providers the incentive to work together in new ways for the benefit of their clients and citizens, partly because this looked like a good way of restraining government expenditure and partly because of research evidence suggesting that the top-down design and delivery of social services is far from ideal.
Each time, the rhetoric emphasised empowerment and promised greater decision-making power at local levels. Each time the reality fell short of what had been promised.
The Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government has come up with a different vision, David Cameron's Big Society launched with the commitment that “Today is the start of a deep and serious reform agenda to take power away from politicians and give it to people. That’s because we know instinctively that the state is often too inhuman, monolithic and clumsy to tackle our deepest social problems. We know that the best ideas come from the ground up, not the top down. We know that when you give people and communities more power over their lives, more power to come together and work together to make life better – great things happen.”
The Localism Bill is the first real test of whether governments can really give up their old habits, and genuinely step aside so that communities can move into the space currently dominated by the central bureaucracy. It's an experiment which is important not just for England, but for other developed countries which rely on high spending central governments to lead the design and delivery of the public services that underpin the quality of life in modern societies.
The Coalition Government launched the Bill with a commitment to what it called six actions of decentralisation including lifting the burden of bureaucracy, empowering communities to do things their way and increasing local control of public finance. In its on-the-day briefing on the Bill the Local Government Group noted that "much of the detail and implementation of this Bill will be taken forward through regulations, order making powers, duties, statutory guidance and requirements on local authorities. We have counted at least 142 such powers."
The Bill does little to improve the financial autonomy of local government (there are some useful moves in the housing area). There is no suggestion of additional sources of funding, for example a local income tax, and existing centrally imposed controls over the level of the council tax are replaced by a provision triggering a referendum if a council tax increase is excessive as defined by the Secretary of State.
It all looks very like ‘how do you disengage without disengaging’? Part of the drive is clearly ideological, with Ministers believing that government has intruded far too much into the ordinary lives of its citizens, with the twin results that government expenditure is too high and social and other outcomes too poor to justify continuing to work in this way. Part of it is clearly pragmatic: a response to the clear need to reduce government expenditure based on the view that handing back or sharing responsibility with communities is a better way of getting the outcomes government wishes to promote.
And there is some genuine creativity in some of the initiatives being promoted - for example the community's right to buy certain local government assets, and a community right to challenge that will allow voluntary and community bodies, employees of a relevant authority and parish councils to bid to a local authority to run a service where they feel that it could be run better. This fits with the Government's Pathfinder Initiative [link for pathfinder initiative is http://blogs.defra.gov.uk/3rd-sector/2010/08/francis-maude-launches-pathfinder-mutuals/ ] announced in August for a number of pilot projects in the establishment of employee or community cooperatives to deliver services.
It's an experiment which should be watched closely by other jurisdictions. England is not the only country which recognises that it needs to pull back on the cost of major social services whilst at the same time improving outcomes. It is also not the only country where the best intentions of central governments to get out of the lives of their citizens seem always frustrated by the difficulties inherent in making major changes in bureaucratic processes and the understandable reluctance of the centre to give up power because of a concern that communities and their representatives may lack the skills and capabilities needed to replace the centre's role.
Both New Zealand and Australia, as examples, have had a long attachment to the belief that major social services are best designed centrally and delivered through centrally controlled agencies. The growing evidence that we need to move from top down to collaboration may not yet have reached the critical mass needed to overcome the reluctance inherent in even the best intentioned bureaucracies.
Much rides on this experiment. It is difficult to see how governments in the Westminster tradition will have any hope of balancing public demands for service (especially from ageing populations), and bringing public expenditure under control, unless they are able to engage effectively and work with local government and its communities. It's in all our interests that the localism experiment results in a very real shift in the balance between centre and local, including shifting the balance of power over how resources are allocated at the local level. Localism without funding autonomy could turn out to a vehicle without fuel!
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